As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 19, 2006.

Registration No. 333-          

 

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

 

 

 

 

Form S-1

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER

THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

 

 

 

 

SUCAMPO PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

 

 

 

 

 

4733 Bethesda Avenue, Suite 450

Bethesda, Maryland 20814

(301) 961-3400

(Address, Including Zip Code, and Telephone Number, Including Area Code, of Registrant’s Principal Executive Offices)

 

 

 

 

Sachiko Kuno, Ph.D.

President and Chief Executive Officer

Sucampo Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

4733 Bethesda Avenue, Suite 450

Bethesda, Maryland 20814

(301) 961-3400

(Name, Address, Including Zip Code, and Telephone Number, Including Area Code, of Agent For Service)

 

 

 

 

Copies to:

 

 

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to public:  As soon as practicable after this Registration Statement becomes effective.

 

 

 

If any of the securities being registered on this form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box.  o

 

If this form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  o                 

 

If this form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier registration statement for the same offering.  o                 

 

If this form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier registration statement for the same offering.  o                 

 

 

 

 

CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act or until the Registration Statement shall become effective on such date as the Commission, acting pursuant to Section 8(a), may determine.

 

 

 

(SUBJECT TO COMPLETION)

Preliminary Prospectus

Dated June 19, 2006

 

 

           Shares

 

 

Class A Common Stock

 

 

 

 

This is the initial public offering of our class A common stock. No public market currently exists for our class A common stock. We are offering all of the shares of class A common stock offered by this prospectus. We anticipate that the public offering price will be between $        and $        per share. After the offering, the market price for our shares may be outside this range.

 

 

 

 

We have applied to have our class A common stock approved for quotation on The NASDAQ National Market under the symbol “SCMP.”

 

 

 

 

Investing in our class A common stock involves a high degree of risk. Before buying any shares, you should carefully read the discussion of material risks of investing in our class A common stock in “Risk Factors” beginning on page 8 of this prospectus.

 

 

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

 

We have granted the underwriters the right to purchase up to an additional           shares of our class A common stock to cover over-allotments. The underwriters can exercise this right at any time within 30 days after the offering. The underwriters expect to deliver the shares of class A common stock to investors on or about               , 2006.

 

 

 

 

Leerink Swann & Company

 

          , 2006

 

You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus. We have not, and the underwriters have not, authorized anyone to provide you with information or information different from that contained in this prospectus. We are offering to sell, and seeking offers to buy, shares of our class A common stock only in jurisdictions where offers and sales are permitted. The information contained in this prospectus is accurate only as of the date of this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or any sale of shares of our common stock. In this prospectus, unless otherwise stated or the context otherwise requires, references to “Sucampo,” “we,” “us,” “our” and similar references refer to Sucampo Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and its combined affiliated companies, Sucampo Pharma Europe Ltd. and Sucampo Pharma, Ltd.

 

AMITIZA^tm and our logo are our trademarks and SUCAMPO^® is our registered trademark. Each of the other trademarks, trade names or service marks appearing in this prospectus belongs to its respective holder.

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

 

 

NOTICE TO INVESTORS

 

For investors outside the United States:  Neither we nor any of the underwriters have done anything that would permit this offering or possession or distribution of this prospectus in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required, other than in the United States. You are required to inform yourselves about and to observe any restrictions relating to this offering and the distribution of this prospectus.

 

SUMMARY

	•	SPI-8811 for the treatment of ulcers induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or NSAIDs, portal hypertension, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We have completed Phase I trials of SPI-8811 for NSAID-induced ulcers, a Phase IIa trial for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and a Phase IIa trial for cystic fibrosis. SPI-8811 is in the preclinical stage for other indications.

	•	SPI-017 for the treatment of peripheral arterial and vascular disease and central nervous system disorders. Initially, we are working on the development of an intravenous formulation of SPI-017 for the treatment of peripheral arterial disease. We also are developing an oral formulation of SPI-017 for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. We plan to initiate Phase I clinical trials of the intravenous formulation of SPI-017 in early 2007 and the oral formulation in mid to late 2007.

	•	Focus on the commercial launch of AMITIZA in the United States for the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation in adults.
	•	Develop AMITIZA for the treatment of additional indications and discover, develop and commercialize other prostone product candidates. We believe that our focus on prostones may offer several potential advantages, including:

	–	novel mechanisms of action;
	–	wide-ranging therapeutic potential;
	–	our discovery and development experience with prostones; and
	–	patent protection.

	•	Target large and underserved markets.
	•	Seek marketing approval for AMITIZA and our other product candidates in Europe and the Asia-Pacific region.
	•	Focus on our core discovery, clinical development and commercialization activities.
	•	Grow through strategic acquisitions and in-licensing opportunities.

Class A common stock we are offering		shares
Common stock to be outstanding after this offering:
Class A		shares
Class B		3,081,300 shares
Total		shares
Voting rights		One vote for each share of class A common stock and ten votes for each share of class B common stock on all matters on which stockholders are entitled to vote.
Use of proceeds		We estimate that the net proceeds from this offering will be approximately $      million, or approximately $      million if the underwriters exercise their over-allotment option in full, assuming an initial public offering price of $      per share, after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses payable by us. We expect to use these net proceeds to fund: development activities for AMITIZA, SPI-8811 and SPI-017; expansion of our sales and marketing infrastructure; additional clinical trials and sales and marketing efforts by our European and Asian operating subsidiaries; development of other prostone compounds; and working capital, capital expenditures and other general corporate purposes, which may include the acquisition or in-license of complementary technologies, products or businesses. See “Use of Proceeds.”
Risk factors		See “Risk Factors” and the other information included in this prospectus for a discussion of factors you should carefully consider before deciding to invest in shares of our class A common stock.
Proposed NASDAQ National Market symbol		SCMP

	•	253,600 shares of our class A common stock issuable upon the exercise of stock options outstanding as of May 31, 2006 at a weighted average exercise price of $41.88 per share; and
	•	an aggregate of 1,500,000 shares of class A common stock reserved for future issuance under our equity compensation plans as of the completion of this offering.

	•	no exercise of the outstanding options described above;
	•	no exercise by the underwriters of their option to purchase up to           shares of class A common stock to cover over-allotments;

	•	the conversion of all outstanding shares of our preferred stock into an aggregate of 378,000 shares of class A common stock, which will occur automatically upon the closing of this offering; and
	•	completion of the acquisition by our company of two affiliated European and Asian operating companies, Sucampo Pharma Europe Ltd., or Sucampo Europe, and Sucampo Pharma, Ltd., or Sucampo Japan, as described under “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions — Sucampo Group Reorganization” appearing elsewhere in this prospectus, which acquisition has been approved by our board of directors and will be completed prior to completion of this offering. Following this acquisition, Sucampo Europe and Sucampo Japan will be wholly owned subsidiaries of our company.

														Three Months Ended
		Years Ended December 31,												March 31,
		2003				2004				2005				2005				2006
		(in thousands, except per share data)
Statement of operations data:
Revenues		$	4,125			$	2,665			$	47,007			$	14,636			$	25,708
Research and development			18,444				14,036				29,888				6,920				6,120
Selling, general and administrative			7,448				8,227				8,116				1,485				3,770
Milestone royalties — related parties			—				—				1,500				500				1,250
Operating (loss) income			(21,767	)			(19,598	)			7,503				5,731				14,568
Total non-operating income (expense), net			(250	)			(56	)			990				(73	)			425
(Loss) income before taxes			(22,017	)			(19,654	)			8,493				5,658				14,993
Income tax provision			—				—				(1,768	)			(558	)			(3,728	)
Net (loss) income		$	(22,017	)		$	(19,654	)		$	6,725			$	5,100			$	11,265
Basic pro forma net income per share										$	1.60							$	2.67
Diluted pro forma net income per share										$	1.55							$	2.59
Pro forma weighted average common shares outstanding — basic											4,213								4,214
Pro forma weighted average common shares outstanding — diluted											4,331								4,343

		As of March 31, 2006
										Pro Forma
		Actual				Pro Forma				As Adjusted
		(in thousands)
Balance sheet data:
Cash and cash equivalents		$	44,352			$	48,840
Short-term investments			28,537				28,537
Working capital			49,941				54,429
Total assets			75,247				79,735
Total liabilities			49,201				49,201
Accumulated deficit			(27,046	)			(27,046	)
Total stockholders’ equity			26,046				30,534

 

Investing in our class A common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below together with all of the other information included in this prospectus, including the combined financial statements and related notes appearing at the end of this prospectus, before deciding to invest in our class A common stock. If any of the following risks actually occur, they may materially harm our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations. In this event, the market price of our class A common stock could decline and you could lose part or all of your investment.

 

Risks Related to Our Limited Commercial Operations

 

We have historically incurred significant losses and we might not achieve or maintain operating profitability.

 

We have only recently initiated commercial sales of our first product, AMITIZA, for the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation in adults, and we have not yet recorded any product revenues. Since our formation, we have incurred significant operating losses and, as of March 31, 2006, we had an accumulated combined deficit of $27.0 million. Our combined net losses were $22.0 million in 2003 and $19.7 million in 2004. Although we had combined net income of $6.7 million in 2005 and $11.3 million in the quarter ended March 31, 2006, this was attributable to our receipt of one-time milestone payments totaling $30.0 million in 2005 and $20.0 million in the quarter ended March 31, 2006. Our historical losses have resulted principally from costs incurred in our research and development programs and from our general and administrative expenses. We expect to continue to incur significant and increasing expenses for at least the next several years as we continue our research activities and conduct development of, and seek regulatory approvals for, additional indications for AMITIZA and for other drug candidates. Whether we are able to achieve operating profitability in the future will depend upon our ability to generate revenues that exceed these expenses. Even if we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. If we are unable to achieve and maintain profitability, the market value of our class A common stock will decline and you could lose all or a part of your investment.

 

If we are unable to successfully commercialize our first product, AMITIZA, for the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation in adults or other indications for which we are developing this drug, or experience significant delays in doing so, our ability to generate product-based revenues and achieve profitability will be jeopardized.

 

In the near term, our ability to generate product-based revenues will depend on the successful commercialization and continued development of AMITIZA. We expect to record our first product revenue from AMITIZA in the quarter ending June 30, 2006. The commercial success of AMITIZA will depend on several factors, including the following:

 

 

If we are not successful in commercializing AMITIZA for the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation or other indications, or are significantly delayed in doing so, our business will be materially harmed.

 

We have limited experience commercializing drug products. If we are not successful in making the transition from a pre-commercial stage company to a commercial company, our ability to become profitable will be compromised.

 

For most of our operating history, we have been a pre-commercial stage company. We are in the process of transitioning to a company capable of supporting commercial activities, and we may not be successful in this transition. Our operations to date have been limited to organizing and staffing our company, developing prostone technology, undertaking preclinical and clinical trials of our product candidates and coordinating the U.S. regulatory approval process for AMITIZA for the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation in adults. To make the transition to a commercial company, we will need to develop internally, or contract with third parties to provide us with, the capabilities to manufacture a commercial scale product and to conduct the sales and marketing activities necessary for successful product commercialization. While we expect R-Tech to perform these manufacturing functions and Takeda to perform many of these sales and marketing functions with respect to the sale of AMITIZA in the United States, we may nevertheless encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications and delays as we establish these commercial functions for AMITIZA and for other products for which we may receive regulatory marketing approval. As we continue to develop and seek regulatory approval of additional product candidates and additional indications for AMITIZA, and to pursue regulatory approvals for AMITIZA and other products outside the United States, it could be difficult for us to obtain and devote the resources necessary to successfully manage our commercialization efforts. If we are not successful in completing our transition to a commercial company, our ability to become profitable will be jeopardized and the market price of our class A common stock is likely to decline.

 

Risks Related to Employees and Managing Growth

 

If we are unable to retain our president and chief executive officer and chief scientific and operating officer and other key executives, we may not be able to successfully develop and commercialize our products.

 

We are highly dependent on Dr. Sachiko Kuno, our president and chief executive officer, and Dr. Ryuji Ueno, our chief scientific and operating officer, and the other principal members of our executive and scientific teams. The loss of the services of any of these persons might impede the achievement of our product development and commercialization objectives. We have employment agreements with Drs. Kuno and Ueno and other executives, but they are free to discontinue working for us at any time. We do not maintain key-man life insurance on any of our executives.

 

If we fail to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel, we may not be able to pursue our product development and commercialization programs.

 

Recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and commercial personnel, including clinical development, regulatory, and marketing and sales executives and field personnel, will be critical to our success. If we fail to recruit and then retain these personnel, our ability to pursue our clinical development and product commercialization programs will be compromised. We may not be able to attract and retain these personnel on acceptable terms given the competition among numerous pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for similar personnel. We also experience competition for the hiring of scientific personnel from universities and research institutions.

 

We expect to expand our development, regulatory and sales and marketing capabilities, and as a result, we may encounter difficulties in managing our growth, which could disrupt our operations.

 

We expect to experience significant growth in the number of our employees and the scope of our operations, particularly in the areas of drug development, regulatory affairs and sales and marketing. To manage our anticipated future growth, we must continue to implement and improve our managerial,

operational and financial systems, expand our facilities, and continue to recruit and train additional qualified personnel. Due to our limited resources, we may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations or recruit and train additional qualified personnel. The physical expansion of our operations may lead to significant costs and may divert our management and business development resources. Any inability to manage growth could delay the execution of our business plans or disrupt our operations.

 

We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting and those of Sucampo Europe and Sucampo Japan. If we fail to achieve and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, we could face difficulties in preparing timely and accurate financial reports, which could lead to delisting of our class A common stock from The NASDAQ National Market, result in a loss of investor confidence in our reported results and cause the price of our class A common stock to fall.

 

In connection with the anticipated acquisition of Sucampo Europe and Sucampo Japan and our preparation of audited financial information for those two entities for the year ended December 31, 2005, we identified control deficiencies related to those entities that constitute material weaknesses in the design and operation of our internal controls over financial reporting.

 

In general, a material weakness is defined as a control deficiency, or combination of control deficiencies, that results in more than a remote likelihood that a material misstatement of annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected. The material weaknesses we identified are as follows:

 

 

If we are unable to remediate these material weaknesses, we may not be able to accurately and timely report our financial position, results of operations or cash flows as a public company. Becoming subject to the public reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or the Exchange Act, upon the completion of this offering will intensify the need for us to report our financial position, results of operations and cash flows on an accurate and timely basis. Because we and Sucampo Europe and Sucampo Japan have

not historically been managed by the same management group and because we have never had to prepare financial statements which included other entities, we may not be able to prepare complete and accurate financial statements on a timely basis, which could result in delays in our public filings and ultimately delisting of our class A common stock from The NASDAQ National Market.

 

The remediation of our internal control over financial reporting as described in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” is currently ongoing. We cannot assure you that we will be able to remediate these weaknesses. If we are not able to remediate these weaknesses, our ability to accurately and timely report our financial position, results of operations or cash flows could be impaired.

 

The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources and distract management.

 

As a public company, we will incur significant legal, accounting, corporate governance and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. We will be subject to the requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the NASDAQ National Market and other rules and regulations. These rules and regulations may place a strain on our systems and resources. The Exchange Act requires, among other things, that we file annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and financial condition. Sarbanes-Oxley requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. We currently do not have an internal audit group. In order to maintain and improve the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls over financial reporting, we will need to devote significant resources and management oversight. As a result, management’s attention may be diverted from other business concerns. In addition, we will need to hire additional accounting staff with appropriate public company experience and technical accounting knowledge and we cannot assure you that we will be able to do so in a timely fashion.

 

These rules and regulations may make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. As a result, it may be more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified individuals to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers. We are currently evaluating and monitoring developments with respect to these rules, and we cannot predict or estimate the amount of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs.

 

Risks Related to Product Development and Commercialization

 

Commercial rights to some prostone compounds will revert back to Sucampo AG in the future unless we devote sufficient development resources to those compounds during the next several years; if any of the compounds that revert back to Sucampo AG subsequently become valuable compounds, we will have lost the commercial rights to those compounds and will not be able to develop or market them, and the reverted compounds could ultimately compete with compounds we are developing or marketing.

 

Sucampo AG has granted to us an exclusive worldwide license to develop and commercialize products based upon Sucampo AG’s extensive portfolio of U.S. and foreign patents and patent applications relating to prostone technology. To retain our license rights to any prostone compounds other than AMITIZA, SPI-8811 and SPI-017, we are required to perform preclinical testing over a specified period on those compounds and to generate specified pharmacological and toxicity data. The specified period ends on the later of September 30, 2011 or three months after the date upon which Drs. Kuno and Ueno no longer control our company. At the end of the specified period, Sucampo AG can terminate our license with respect to any compounds as to which we have not performed the required testing, except for any compounds we designate as compounds for which we intend in good faith to perform the required testing within the following twelve months. At the end of that twelve-month period, Sucampo AG may terminate our license as to any of the designated compounds for which we have not performed the required testing.

 

We will need to focus our development resources and funding on a limited number of compounds during the specified period. The decision whether to commit development resources to a particular compound will

require us to determine which compounds have the greatest likelihood of commercial success. Dr. Ueno and his staff will be primarily responsible for making these decisions on our behalf. In this process, we will likely commit resources to some compounds that do not prove to be commercially feasible and we may overlook other compounds that later prove to have significant commercial potential. If we do not identify and commit resources to one of these valuable compounds, the commercial rights with respect to the compound will eventually revert back to Sucampo AG. After the reversion of these rights to Sucampo AG, we will have no ability to develop or commercialize the compound. Although Sucampo AG will be prohibited from developing products that compete with our products prior to the Sucampo AG reversion date, thereafter they will be free to develop competitive products. In addition, although Sucampo AG will be prohibited from marketing products that compete with our products for 21 months after the Sucampo AG reversion date, after that date Sucampo AG will be permitted to market products, including products covered by the reverted license rights, in competition with us.

 

If our preclinical studies do not produce successful results or if our clinical trials do not demonstrate safety and efficacy in humans, our ability to develop additional indications for AMITIZA and to develop and commercialize other product candidates will be impaired.

 

Before obtaining regulatory approval for the sale of our product candidates, we must conduct extensive preclinical tests and clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and efficacy in humans of our product candidates. Preclinical and clinical testing is expensive, is difficult to design and implement, can take many years to complete and is uncertain as to outcome. Success in preclinical testing and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will be successful, and interim results of a clinical trial do not necessarily predict final results. A failure of one or more of our clinical trials can occur at any stage of testing. We may experience numerous unforeseen events during, or as a result of, preclinical testing and the clinical trial process that could delay or prevent our ability to receive regulatory approval or commercialize our product candidates, including:

 

 

If we are required to conduct additional clinical trials or other testing of our product candidates beyond those that we currently contemplate, if we are unable to successfully complete our clinical trials or other testing or if the results of these trials or tests are not positive or are only modestly positive, we may:

 

 

Our product development costs will also increase if we experience delays in testing or approvals. We do not know whether our clinical trials will begin as planned, will need to be restructured or will be completed on schedule, if at all. Significant clinical trial delays also could allow our competitors to bring products to market before we do and impair our ability to commercialize our products or product candidates.

 

We are required to conduct supplemental post-marketing clinical trials of AMITIZA and we may elect to perform additional clinical trials for other indications or in support of applications for regulatory marketing approval in jurisdictions outside the United States. These supplemental trials could be costly and could result in findings inconsistent with our historic U.S. clinical trials.

 

In connection with our marketing approval for AMITIZA for the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation in adults, we committed to the FDA to conduct post-marketing studies of the product in pediatric patients and in patients with renal and hepatic impairment. In the future, we may be required, or we may elect, to conduct additional clinical trials of AMITIZA. In addition, if we seek marketing approval from regulatory authorities in jurisdictions outside the United States, such as the European Medicines Agency, or EMEA, they may require us to submit data from supplemental clinical trials in addition to data from the clinical trials that supported our U.S. filings with the FDA. Any requirements to conduct supplemental trials would add to the cost of developing our product candidates. Additional or supplemental trials could also produce findings that are inconsistent with the trial results we have previously submitted to the FDA, in which case we would be obligated to report those findings to the FDA. This could result in new restrictions on AMITIZA’s existing marketing approval for chronic idiopathic constipation in adults or could force us to stop selling AMITIZA altogether. Inconsistent trial results could also lead to delays in obtaining marketing approval in the United States for other indications for AMITIZA or for other product candidates, could cause regulators to impose restrictive conditions on marketing approvals and could even make it impossible for us to obtain marketing approval. Any of these results could materially impair our ability to generate revenues and to achieve or maintain profitability.

 

If we are unable to establish sales and marketing capabilities or successfully use third parties to market and sell our products, we may be unable to generate sufficient product revenues to become profitable.

 

We currently have very limited sales and distribution capabilities and little experience in marketing and selling pharmaceutical products. To achieve commercial success for AMITIZA and any other approved products, we must either develop a sales and marketing organization or outsource these functions to third parties. There are risks associated with either of these alternatives. For example, developing a sales force is expensive and time consuming and could delay any product launch. If the commercial launch of a product for which we recruit a sales force and establish marketing capabilities were delayed, we would incur related expenses too early relative to the product launch. This may be costly, and our investment would be lost if we could not retain our sales and marketing personnel.

 

We have entered into a joint collaboration and license agreement with Takeda for the commercialization of AMITIZA for gastrointestinal indications in the United States and Canada. Takeda will market AMITIZA for the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation in adults broadly to office-based specialty physicians and primary care physicians in the United States. We have also entered into an agreement with Ventiv Commercial Services, LLC, or Ventiv, to provide us with a specialty sales force to market AMITIZA to hospital-based specialist physicians and long-term care facilities. The Takeda sales force dedicated to selling AMITIZA will be significantly larger than our contract sales force, and we will therefore be heavily dependent on the

marketing and sales efforts of Takeda. If our contract specialty sales force is not effective, or if Takeda is less successful in selling AMITIZA than we anticipate, our ability to generate revenues and achieve profitability will be significantly compromised.

 

We face substantial competition which may result in others discovering, developing or commercializing products earlier or more successfully than we do.

 

The development and commercialization of pharmaceutical products is highly competitive. We expect to face intense competition with respect to AMITIZA and our other product candidates from major pharmaceutical companies, specialty pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology companies worldwide. Potential competitors also include academic institutions, government agencies, and other public and private research organizations that conduct research, seek patent protection and establish collaborative arrangements for research, development, manufacturing and commercialization. Our competitors may develop products that are safer, more effective, have fewer side effects, are more convenient or are less costly than AMITIZA or the other product candidates that we are developing or that would render AMITIZA or our other product candidates obsolete or uncompetitive. Our competitors may also obtain FDA or other regulatory approval for their products more rapidly than we may obtain approval for ours or achieve product commercialization before we do. If any of our competitors develops a product that is more effective, safer or more convenient for patients, or is able to obtain FDA approval for commercialization before we do, we may not be able to achieve market acceptance for our products, which would impair our ability to generate revenues and recover the substantial developments costs we have incurred and will continue to incur.

 

There are currently approved therapies for the diseases and conditions addressed by AMITIZA. For example, Zelnorm^®, which is marketed by Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, has been approved both for the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation in adults under 65 years of age and for the short-term treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with constipation in women. In addition, the osmotic laxatives MiraLax^tm (polyethylene glycol 3350), which is marketed by Braintree Laboratories, Inc., and lactulose, which is produced by Solvay S.A., have each been approved for the treatment of occasional constipation.

 

Several companies also are working to develop new drugs and other therapies for these same diseases and conditions. Some of these potential competitive drug products include:

 

 

We face similar competition from approved therapies and potential drug products for the diseases and conditions addressed by SPI-8811 and SPI-017, and are likely to face significant competition for any other product candidates we may elect to develop in the future.

 

Many of our competitors may have significantly greater financial resources and expertise in research and development, manufacturing, preclinical testing, conducting clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approvals, and marketing approved products than we do. Smaller or early stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies.

 

The commercial success of AMITIZA and any other products that we may develop will depend upon the degree of market acceptance by physicians, patients, healthcare payors and others in the medical community.

 

AMITIZA and any other products that we bring to the market may not gain acceptance by physicians, patients, healthcare payors and others in the medical community. If these products do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance, we may not generate sufficient product revenues to become profitable. The degree of

market acceptance of AMITIZA and any other products approved for commercial sale will depend on a number of factors, including:

 

 

If we are unable to obtain adequate reimbursement from third party payors for AMITIZA and any other products that we may develop, or acceptable prices for those products, our revenues and prospects for profitability will suffer.

 

Our revenues and ability to become profitable will depend heavily upon the availability of adequate reimbursement for the use of our products from governmental and other third party payors, both in the United States and in foreign markets. Reimbursement by a third party payor may depend upon a number of factors, including the third party payor’s determination that use of a product is:

 

 

Obtaining reimbursement approval for a product from each government or other third party payor is a time-consuming and costly process that could require us to provide supporting scientific, clinical and cost-effectiveness data for the use of our products to each payor. We may not be able to provide data sufficient to gain acceptance with respect to reimbursement. Even when a payor determines that a product is eligible for reimbursement, the payor may impose coverage limitations that preclude payment for some product uses that are approved by the FDA or comparable authorities. Moreover, eligibility for coverage does not imply that any product will be reimbursed in all cases or at a rate that allows us to make a profit or even cover our costs. If we are not able to obtain coverage and profitable reimbursement promptly from government-funded and private third party payors for our products, our ability to generate revenues and become profitable will be compromised.

 

Recent federal legislation will increase the pressure to reduce prices of prescription drugs paid for by Medicare, which could limit our ability to generate revenues.

 

In 2003, the United States government enacted legislation providing a partial prescription drug benefit for Medicare recipients, which became effective at the beginning of 2006. Government payment for some of the costs of prescription drugs may increase demand for any products for which we receive marketing approval. However, to obtain payments under this program, we will be required to sell products to Medicare recipients through drug procurement organizations operating pursuant to this legislation. These organizations will negotiate prices for our products, which are likely to be lower than those we might otherwise obtain. Federal,

state and local governments in the United States continue to consider legislation to limit the growth of healthcare costs, including the cost of prescription drugs. Future legislation could limit payments for pharmaceuticals such as AMITIZA and the other product candidates that we are developing.

 

Recent proposed legislation may permit re-importation of drugs from foreign countries into the United States, including foreign countries where the drugs are sold at lower prices than in the United States, which could force us to lower the prices at which we sell our products and impair our ability to derive revenues from these products.

 

Legislation has been introduced in the U.S. Congress that, if enacted, would permit more widespread re-importation of drugs from foreign countries into the United States. This could include re-importation from foreign countries where the drugs are sold at lower prices than in the United States. Such legislation, or similar regulatory changes, could lead to a decrease in the price we receive for any approved products, which, in turn, could impair our ability to generate revenues. Alternatively, in response to legislation such as this, we might elect not to seek approval for or market our products in foreign jurisdictions in order to minimize the risk of re-importation, which could also reduce the revenue we generate from our product sales.

 

Foreign governments tend to impose strict price controls, which may limit our ability to generate revenues.

 

In some foreign countries, particularly Japan and the countries of the European Union, the pricing of prescription pharmaceuticals is subject to governmental control. In these countries, pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can take considerable time after the receipt of marketing approval for a product. To obtain reimbursement or pricing approval in some countries, we may be required to conduct a clinical trial that compares the cost-effectiveness of our products to other available therapies. If reimbursement of our products is unavailable in particular countries or limited in scope or amount, or if pricing is set at unsatisfactory levels, our ability to generate revenue in these countries will be compromised.

 

If product liability lawsuits are brought against us, we may incur substantial liabilities and may be required to limit commercialization of any products that we may develop.

 

We face an inherent risk of product liability exposure, both from the testing of our product candidates in human clinical trials and from the sale of AMITIZA and any other drugs we may sell in the future. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against claims that our products or product candidates caused injuries, we will incur substantial liabilities. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, product liability claims may result in:

 

 

We currently have product liability insurance that covers our clinical trials and our commercial sales of AMITIZA up to an annual aggregate limit of $20.0 million and subject to a per claim deductible. We do not currently have product liability insurance covering clinical trials in pediatric patients, and we will need to negotiate coverage of this type before we commence pediatric trials of AMITIZA in January 2007. The amount or scope of our product liability insurance may not be adequate to cover all liabilities that we may incur. Insurance coverage is increasingly expensive. We may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost, and we may not be able to obtain insurance coverage that will be adequate to cover any

liability that may arise. We may not have sufficient resources to pay for any liabilities resulting from a claim beyond the limits of our insurance coverage. If we cannot protect against product liability claims, we or our collaborators may find it difficult or impossible to commercialize our products.

 

Our strategy of generating growth through acquisitions and in-licenses may not be successful if we are not able to identify suitable acquisition or licensing candidates, to negotiate the terms of any such transaction or to successfully manage the integration of any acquisition.

 

As part of our business strategy, we intend to pursue strategic acquisitions and in-licensing opportunities with third parties to complement our existing product pipeline. We have no experience in completing acquisitions with third parties to date and we may not be able to identify appropriate acquisition or licensing candidates or to successfully negotiate the terms of any such transaction. The licensing and acquisition of pharmaceutical and biological products is a competitive area. A number of more established companies are also pursuing strategies to license or acquire products in the pharmaceutical field, and they may have a competitive advantage over us due to their size, cash resources and greater clinical development and commercialization capabilities. If we are unable to successfully complete acquisitions or in-licensing transactions for suitable products and product candidates, our prospects for growth could suffer.

 

Even if we are successful in completing one or more acquisitions, the failure to adequately address the financial, operational or legal risks of these transactions could harm our business. To finance an acquisition, we could be required to use our cash resources, issue potentially dilutive equity securities or incur or assume debt or contingent liabilities. Accounting for acquisitions can require impairment losses or restructuring charges, large write-offs of in-process research and development expense and ongoing amortization expenses related to other intangible assets. In addition, integrating acquisitions can be difficult, and could disrupt our business and divert management resources. If we are unable to manage the integration of any acquisitions successfully, our ability to develop new products and continue to expand our product pipeline may be impaired.

 

We may need substantial additional funding and be unable to raise capital when needed, which could force us to delay, reduce or abandon our commercialization efforts or product development programs.

 

We expect to incur significant commercialization expenses for product sales, marketing, manufacturing and distribution of AMITIZA. In addition, we expect our research and development expenses to increase in connection with our ongoing activities. We may need substantial additional funding and be unable to raise capital when needed or on attractive terms, which would force us to delay, reduce or abandon our commercialization efforts or development programs.

 

We have financed our operations and internal growth principally through private placements of equity securities, payments received under our collaboration agreement with Takeda and milestone and other payments from Sucampo AG and R-Tech. We believe that the net proceeds from this offering, together with our existing cash and cash equivalents and internally generated funds that we anticipate from AMITIZA product sales, will be sufficient to enable us to fund our operating expenses for the foreseeable future. Our future funding requirements, however, will depend on many factors, including:

 

 

 

If we are required to raise additional funds from external sources, we might accomplish this through public or private equity offerings, debt financings or corporate collaboration and licensing arrangements. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, you may experience dilution. The holders of any new equity securities we issue may have rights, preferences or privileges that are senior to yours. Debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds through collaboration and licensing arrangements with third parties, it may be necessary to relinquish valuable rights and related intellectual property to our technologies, research programs, products or product candidates.

 

Risks Related to Our Dependence on Third Parties, Including Related Parties

 

We have no manufacturing capabilities and are dependent upon R-Tech to manufacture and supply us with our product and product candidates. If R-Tech does not manufacture AMITIZA or our other product candidates in sufficient quantities, at acceptable quality levels and at acceptable cost and if we are unable to identify a suitable replacement manufacturer, our sales of AMITIZA and our further clinical development and commercialization of other products could be delayed, prevented or impaired.

 

We do not own or operate manufacturing facilities and have little experience in manufacturing pharmaceutical products. We currently rely, and expect to continue to rely, exclusively on R-Tech to supply Takeda and us with AMITIZA, SPI-8811 and SPI-017 and any future prostone compounds that we may determine to develop or commercialize. We have granted R-Tech the exclusive worldwide right to manufacture and supply AMITIZA until June 2025, and we do not have an alternative source of supply for AMITIZA. We also do not have an alternative source of supply for SPI-8811 or SPI-017, which R-Tech manufactures and supplies to us. If R-Tech is not able to supply AMITIZA or these other compounds on a timely basis, in sufficient quantities and at acceptable levels of quality and price and if we are unable to identify a replacement manufacturer to perform these functions on acceptable terms, sales of AMITIZA would be significantly impaired and our development programs could be seriously jeopardized.

 

The risks of relying solely on R-Tech for the manufacture of our products include:

 

 

 

Our current and anticipated future dependence upon R-Tech for the manufacture of our products and product candidates may adversely affect our future revenues, our cost structure and our ability to develop product candidates and commercialize any approved products on a timely and competitive basis. In addition, if R-Tech should cease to manufacture prostones for our clinical trials for any reason, we likely would experience delays in advancing these trials while we seek to identify and qualify replacement suppliers. We may be unable to obtain replacement supplies on a timely basis, on terms that are favorable to us or at all.

 

We and R-Tech are dependent upon a single contract manufacturer to complete the final stage of manufacture of AMITIZA.

 

R-Tech has subcontracted with a single contract manufacturer to encapsulate the bulk form AMITIZA supplied by R-Tech into gelatin capsules and to package the final product for distribution in the United States. If this subcontractor experiences difficulties or delays in performing these services for any reason, our ability to deliver finished product to physicians and patients will be impaired during the period in which R-Tech seeks a replacement manufacturer, which could cause us to lose revenues. In addition, any change in the party providing encapsulation of AMITIZA would need to be approved by the FDA, and any change in the party packaging the product would need to be submitted to and reviewed by the FDA, which could make it more difficult and time-consuming to replace this subcontractor should that become necessary.

 

R-Tech and any other third party manufacturer of our products and product candidates are subject to significant regulations governing manufacturing facilities and procedures.

 

R-Tech, R-Tech’s subcontractors and suppliers and any other manufacturer of our products or product candidates may not be able to comply with the FDA’s current good manufacturing practice, or cGMP, regulations, other U.S. regulations or similar regulatory requirements in force outside the United States. These regulations govern manufacturing processes and procedures and the implementation and operation of systems to control and assure the quality of products approved for sale. In addition, the FDA may at any time audit or inspect a manufacturing facility to ensure compliance with cGMP. Our failure, or the failure of R-Tech, R-Tech’s subcontractors and suppliers or any other third party manufacturer we use, to comply with applicable manufacturing regulations could result in sanctions being imposed on us, including fines, injunctions, civil penalties, failure of regulatory authorities to grant marketing approval of our product candidates, delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals, license revocation, seizures or recalls of product candidates or products, operating restrictions and criminal prosecutions, any of which could significantly and adversely affect supplies of our products and product candidates.

 

If it were to become necessary for us to replace R-Tech as contract manufacturer of our product and product candidates, we would compete with other products for access to appropriate manufacturing facilities and the change would need to be submitted to and approved by the FDA. Among manufacturers that operate under cGMP regulations, there are a limited number that would be both capable of manufacturing for us and willing to do so.

 

We depend significantly on our collaboration with Takeda, and may depend in the future on collaborations with other third parties, to develop and commercialize our product candidates.

 

A key element of our business strategy is to collaborate where appropriate with third parties, particularly leading pharmaceutical companies, to develop, commercialize and market our products and product candidates. We are currently party to a 16-year joint collaboration and license agreement with Takeda for the development and commercialization of AMITIZA for gastrointestinal indications in the United States and Canada.

Our agreement with Takeda provides that it may be terminated by either party if we fail to receive marketing approval from the FDA for AMITIZA for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with constipation and if we and Takeda do not thereafter agree on an alternative development and commercialization strategy. If Takeda were to terminate the agreement under these conditions, we would likely realize significantly lower revenues from sales of AMITIZA for the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation until we could find a replacement marketing organization or develop our own, and our ability to continue our development program for AMITIZA for other gastrointestinal indications could be seriously compromised.

 

The success of our collaboration arrangement will depend heavily on the efforts and activities of Takeda. The risks that we face in connection with this collaboration, and that we anticipate being subject to in any future collaborations, include the following:

 

 

The ability of our products and product candidates to reach their potential could be limited if Takeda or any other future collaborators decrease or fail to increase spending relating to such products, fail to dedicate sufficient resources to promoting our products or change their business focus.

 

We rely upon a third party contract sales company to provide our contract sales force focused on the institutional market for AMITIZA in the United States, and we have limited control over the sales representatives employed by this company.

 

To complement Takeda’s sales efforts, we have entered into an agreement with Ventiv to provide us with a specialty sales force to market AMITIZA to hospital-based specialist physicians and long-term care facilities. This contract sales force consists entirely of Ventiv employees and, although our own employees will be involved in monitoring this sales force, we will have limited control over their activities. This contract sales force may not be effective, and our ability to terminate individual sales representatives or our relationship with Ventiv will be limited. We do not have any experience managing a contract sales force and we may not be successful in this effort. If our contract sales force is not effective, our ability to generate revenues and achieve profitability may be significantly compromised.

 

Because we rely upon third parties to provide the sales representatives marketing AMITIZA, we may face increased risks arising from their misconduct or improper activities, which would harm our business.

 

Because we will have only limited capacity to monitor the sales efforts of Takeda’s and Ventiv’s employees, we may be exposed to increased risks arising from any misconduct or improper activities of these employees, including the potential off-label promotion of our products or their failure to adhere to standard requirements in connection with product promotion. Any such improper activities could hurt our reputation, cause us to become subject to significant liabilities and otherwise harm our business.

We may not be successful in establishing additional collaborations, which could compromise our ability to develop and commercialize products.

 

If we are unable to reach new agreements with suitable collaborators, we may fail to meet our business objectives for the affected product or program. We face significant competition in seeking appropriate collaborators. Moreover, these collaboration arrangements are complex and time-consuming to negotiate and document. We may not be successful in our efforts to establish additional collaborations or other alternative arrangements. The terms of any additional collaborations or other arrangements that we establish may not be as favorable to us as we anticipate. Moreover, these collaborations or other arrangements may not be successful.

 

We rely on third parties to conduct our clinical trials and those third parties may not perform satisfactorily or may fail to meet established deadlines for the completion of these trials.

 

We generally do not have the independent ability to conduct clinical trials for our product candidates. We rely on third parties, such as contract research organizations, clinical data management organizations, medical institutions, and clinical investigators, to perform this function. Our reliance on these third parties for clinical development activities reduces our control over these activities. Furthermore, these third parties may also have relationships with other entities, some of which may be our competitors. If these third parties do not carry out their contractual duties or meet expected deadlines, we will be delayed in obtaining, or may not be able to obtain, regulatory approvals for our product candidates and will be delayed in our efforts to, or may not be able to, successfully commercialize our product candidates.

 

In addition, we are responsible for ensuring that each of our clinical trials is conducted in accordance with the general investigational plan and protocols for the trial. The FDA requires us to comply with standards, commonly referred to as good clinical practices, for conducting and recording and reporting the results of clinical trials to assure that data and reported results are credible and accurate and that the rights, integrity and confidentiality of trial participants are protected. Our reliance on third parties that we do not control does not relieve us of these responsibilities and requirements.

 

Conflicts of interest may arise between us and Sucampo AG or R-Tech, and these conflicts might ultimately be resolved in a manner unfavorable to us.

 

Our founders, Dr. Sachiko Kuno and Dr. Ryuji Ueno, together wholly own Sucampo AG and own a majority of the stock of R-Tech. Dr. Ueno also is a director of Sucampo AG. Dr. Kuno and Dr. Ueno are married to each other. Ownership interests of our founders in the stock of R-Tech or Sucampo AG, or Dr. Ueno’s service as a director of our company while at the same time serving as a director of Sucampo AG, could give rise to conflicts of interest when faced with a decision that could favor the interests of one of the affiliated companies over another. In addition, conflicts of interest may arise with respect to existing or possible future commercial arrangements between us and R-Tech or Sucampo AG in which the terms and conditions of the arrangements are subject to negotiation or dispute. For example, conflicts of interest could arise over matters such as:

 

 

If United States or foreign tax authorities disagree with our transfer pricing policies, we could become subject to significant tax liabilities.

 

We are a member of an affiliated group of entities, including Sucampo AG and R-Tech, each of which is directly or indirectly controlled by Drs. Kuno and Ueno. We have had and will continue to have significant commercial transactions with these entities. Furthermore, following the closing of this offering, we will operate two foreign subsidiaries, Sucampo Japan and Sucampo Europe. We expect to enter into commercial transactions with each of these entities on an ongoing basis. As a result of these transactions, we will be subject to complex transfer pricing regulations in both the United States and the other countries in which we and our affiliates operate. Transfer pricing regulations generally require that, for tax purposes, transactions between our affiliates and us be priced on a basis that would be comparable to an arm’s length transaction and that contemporaneous documentation be maintained to support the related party agreements. To the extent that United States or any foreign tax authorities disagree with our transfer pricing policies, we could become subject to significant tax liabilities and penalties related to prior, existing and future related party agreements.

 

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

 

If we are unable to obtain and maintain proprietary protection for the intellectual property relating to our technology and products, the value of our technology and products will be adversely affected and our ability to derive revenue from our products would be impaired.

 

Our success depends in part on our ability, and that of Sucampo AG, to obtain and maintain proprietary protection for the technology and know-how upon which our products are based, to operate without infringing on the proprietary rights of others and to prevent others from infringing on our proprietary rights. The patent positions of companies like ours are generally uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions. Our ability to maintain and solidify our proprietary position for our intellectual property will depend on our success, in conjunction with Sucampo AG, in obtaining effective claims and enforcing those claims once granted. The scope of protection afforded by a set of patent claims is subject to inherent uncertainty unless the patent has already been litigated and a court has ruled on the meaning of the claim language and other issues affecting how broadly a patent claim can be enforced. In some cases, we license patent applications from Sucampo AG instead of issued patents, and we do not know whether these patent applications will result in the issuance of any patents. Our licensed patents may be challenged, invalidated or circumvented, which could limit the term of patent protection for our products or diminish our ability to stop competitors from marketing related products. In addition, changes in either patent laws or in interpretations of patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of Sucampo AG’s patents and our intellectual property or narrow the scope of the protection provided by these patents. Accordingly, we cannot determine the degree of future protection for our proprietary rights in the licensed patents and patent applications. Furthermore, because of the extensive time required for development, testing and regulatory review of a potential product, it is possible that, before any of our product candidates can be commercialized, a related patent may expire or may remain in force for only a short period following commercialization, thereby reducing any advantage of the patent.

 

The patents we license from Sucampo AG also may not afford us protection against competitors with similar technology. Because patent applications in the United States and many foreign jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some cases not at all, and because publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind actual discoveries, neither we nor our Sucampo AG can be certain that we or they were the first to make the inventions claimed in issued patents or pending patent applications, or that we or they were the first to file for protection of the inventions set forth in these patent applications.

Confidentiality agreements with our employees and other precautions may not be adequate to prevent disclosure of our proprietary information and know-how.

 

In addition to patented technology, we rely upon unpatented proprietary technology, processes and know-how developed both by Sucampo AG and by us. We and Sucampo AG seek to protect our respective proprietary technology and processes, in part, by confidentiality agreements with our respective employees, consultants, scientific advisors and contractors. We also seek to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of our data and trade secrets by maintaining physical security of our premises and physical and electronic security of our information technology systems. These agreements or security measures may be breached, and we and Sucampo AG may not have adequate remedies for any such breach. In addition, our trade secrets may otherwise become known or be independently developed by competitors. If we or Sucampo AG are unable to protect the confidentiality of our proprietary information and know-how, competitors may be able to use this information to develop products that compete with our products, which could compromise our ability to produce revenue and achieve profitability.

 

If we infringe or are alleged to infringe intellectual property rights of third parties, our business could be harmed.

 

There has been substantial litigation and other proceedings regarding patent and other intellectual property rights in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. Our research, development and commercialization activities and those of Sucampo AG, as well as any products or product candidates resulting from these activities, may infringe or be alleged to infringe patents or patent applications owned or controlled by other parties. These third parties could bring claims against us or one of our collaborators that would require us to incur substantial expenses and, if successful against us, could cause us to pay substantial damages. Further, if a patent infringement suit were brought against us or one of our collaborators, we or they could be forced to stop or delay research, development, manufacturing or sales of the product or product candidate that is the subject of the suit.

 

As a result of patent infringement claims, or in order to avoid potential claims, we or one of our collaborators may choose or be required to seek a license from a third party and be required to pay license fees or royalties or both. These licenses may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Even if we or a collaborator were able to obtain a license, the rights may be nonexclusive, which could result in our competitors gaining access to the same intellectual property. Ultimately, we could be prevented from commercializing a product, or be forced to cease some aspect of our business operations, if, as a result of actual or threatened patent infringement claims, we or one of our collaborators are unable to enter into licenses on acceptable terms. This could harm our business significantly.

 

We may be subject to other patent related litigation or proceedings that could be costly to defend and uncertain in their outcome.

 

In addition to infringement claims against us, we may become a party to other patent litigation and proceedings, including interference proceedings declared by the United States Patent and Trademark Office or opposition proceedings in the European Patent Office regarding intellectual property rights with respect to our products and technology, as well as other disputes with licensees, licensors or others with whom we have contractual or other business relationships for intellectual property. The cost to us of any patent litigation or other proceeding, even if resolved in our favor, could be substantial. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their substantially greater financial resources. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patent litigation or other proceedings could negatively affect our ability to compete in the marketplace. Patent litigation and other proceedings may also absorb significant management resources.

Risks Related to Regulatory Approval and Oversight

 

If we are not able to obtain required regulatory approvals, we will not be able to commercialize our product candidates and our ability to generate revenue will be materially impaired.

 

Our product candidates and the activities associated with their development and commercialization, including testing, manufacture, safety, efficacy, recordkeeping, labeling, storage, approval, advertising, promotion, sale and distribution, are subject to comprehensive regulation by the FDA and other regulatory agencies in the United States and by authorities in other countries. Failure to obtain regulatory approval for a product candidate will prevent us from commercializing the product candidate.

 

Securing FDA approval requires the submission of extensive preclinical and clinical data, information about product manufacturing processes and inspection of facilities and supporting information to the FDA for each therapeutic indication to establish the product candidate’s safety and efficacy. Our future products may not be effective, may be only moderately effective or may prove to have undesirable side effects, toxicities or other characteristics that may preclude our obtaining regulatory approval or prevent or limit commercial use.

 

The process of obtaining regulatory approvals is expensive, often takes many years, if approval is obtained at all, and can vary substantially based upon the type, complexity and novelty of the product candidates involved. Changes in the regulatory approval policy during the development period, changes in or the enactment of additional statutes or regulations, or changes in regulatory review for each submitted product application, may cause delays in the approval or rejection of an application. The FDA has substantial discretion in the approval process and may refuse to accept any application or may decide that our data are insufficient for approval and require additional preclinical, clinical or other studies. In addition, varying interpretations of the data obtained from preclinical and clinical testing could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval of a product candidate. Any regulatory approval we ultimately obtain may be limited in scope or subject to restrictions or post-approval commitments that render the product not commercially viable. If any regulatory approval that we obtain is delayed or is limited, we may decide not to commercialize the product candidate after receiving the approval.

 

Even if we receive regulatory approval for a product, the product could be subject to regulatory restrictions or withdrawal from the market, and we may be subject to penalties if we fail to comply with ongoing regulatory requirements.

 

AMITIZA and any other product for which we obtain marketing approval, along with the manufacturing processes, post-approval clinical data, labeling, advertising and promotional activities for such product, will be subject to continual requirements of and review by the FDA and other regulatory bodies. These requirements include submissions of safety and other post-marketing information and reports, registration requirements, cGMP requirements relating to quality control, quality assurance and corresponding maintenance of records and documents, requirements regarding the distribution of samples to physicians and recordkeeping. Even if regulatory approval of a product is granted, the approval may be subject to limitations on the indicated uses for which the product may be marketed or to the conditions of approval, or contain requirements for costly post-marketing testing and surveillance to monitor the safety or efficacy of the product. If we fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements, we may be subject to fines, suspension or withdrawal of regulatory approvals, product recalls, seizure of products, operating restrictions and criminal prosecution.

 

We may experience unanticipated safety issues with our products after they are approved for marketing, which could harm our business and our reputation.

 

Because AMITIZA and our other product candidates are based on newly discovered prostone technology with novel mechanisms of action, there may be long-term safety risks associated with these products that are not identifiable or well-understood at early stages of development and commercialization. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with our products, manufacturers or manufacturing processes may result in:

 

 

 

Failure to obtain regulatory approval in international jurisdictions would prevent us from marketing our products outside the United States.

 

We intend to market our products both domestically and outside the United States. In order to market our products in the European Union, Japan and many other foreign jurisdictions, we must obtain separate regulatory approvals and comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements. The approval procedure varies among countries and can involve additional testing. The time required to obtain approval may differ from that required to obtain FDA approval. The foreign regulatory approval process may include all of the risks associated with obtaining FDA approval. We may not obtain foreign regulatory approvals on a timely basis, if at all. Approval by the FDA does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or jurisdictions, and approval by one foreign regulatory authority does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other foreign countries or jurisdictions or by the FDA. We may not be able to file for regulatory approvals and may not receive necessary approvals to commercialize our products in any market.

 

We may not be able to obtain orphan drug exclusivity for our product candidates. If our competitors are able to obtain orphan drug exclusivity for a product that is the same drug as one of our product candidates and we cannot show that our product candidate is clinically superior, we may not be able to have competing products approved by the applicable regulatory authority for a significant period of time.

 

Regulatory authorities in some jurisdictions, including Europe and the United States, may designate drugs that target relatively small patient populations as orphan drugs. We have received an orphan drug designation from the FDA for the oral formulation of our product candidate SPI-8811 for the treatment of cystic fibrosis and we may pursue orphan drug designation for additional product candidates. Generally, if a product with an orphan drug designation subsequently receives the first marketing approval for the indication for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to a period of marketing exclusivity. The exclusivity applies only to the indication for which the drug has been designated and approved. The applicable exclusivity period is seven years in the United States, but this period may be interrupted if a sponsor of a competitive product that is otherwise the same drug for the same use can show that its drug is clinically superior to our orphan drug candidate. The European exclusivity period is ten years, but may be reduced to six years if a drug no longer meets the criteria for orphan drug designation, including where it is shown that the drug is sufficiently profitable so that market exclusivity is no longer justified. In addition, European regulations establish that a competitor’s marketing authorization for a similar product with the same indication may be granted if there is an insufficient supply of the product or if another applicant can establish that its product is safer, more effective or otherwise clinically superior. Obtaining orphan drug exclusivity for SPI-8811, both in the United States and in Europe, may be important to its success. If a competitor obtains orphan drug exclusivity for a product competitive with SPI-8811 before we do and if the competitor’s product is the same drug with the same indication as ours, we would be excluded from the market, unless we can show that our drug is safer, more effective or otherwise clinically superior. Even if we obtain orphan drug exclusivity for SPI-8811 for these indications, we may not be able to maintain it if a competitor with a product that is otherwise the same drug can establish that its product is clinically superior.

We must comply with federal, state and foreign laws, regulations, and other rules relating to the health care business, and, if we are unable to fully comply with such laws, regulations and other rules, we could face substantial penalties.

 

We are or will be directly, or indirectly through our customers, subject to extensive regulation by the federal government, the states and foreign countries in which we may conduct our business. The laws that directly or indirectly affect our ability to operate our business include the following:

 

 

If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws, regulations, rules or policies described above or any other law or governmental regulation to which we or our customers are or will be subject, or if the interpretation of the foregoing changes, we may be subject to civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines, exclusion from the Medicare and Medicaid programs and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. Similarly, if our customers are found non-compliant with applicable laws, they may be subject to sanctions, which could also have a negative impact on us. Any penalties, damages, fines, curtailment or restructuring of our operations would harm our ability to operate our business and our financial results. The risk of our being found in violation of these laws is increased by the fact that many of them have not been fully interpreted by the regulatory authorities or the courts, and their provisions may be open to a variety of interpretations. Any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses, divert management resources from the operation of our business and damage our reputation.

 

Our business activities involve the use of hazardous materials, which require compliance with environmental and occupational safety laws regulating the use of such materials. If we violate these laws, we could be subject to significant fines, liabilities or other adverse consequences.

 

Our research and development programs involve the controlled use of hazardous materials. Accordingly, we are subject to federal, state and local laws governing the use, handling and disposal of these materials. In addition, our collaborators may not comply with these laws. In the event of an accident or failure to comply with environmental laws, we could be held liable for substantial damages that result, and any such liability could exceed our assets and resources.

Risks Related to the Offering

 

After this offering, our founders will maintain the ability to control all matters submitted to stockholders for approval, which could result in actions of which you or other stockholders do not approve.

 

When this offering is completed, Dr. Sachiko Kuno, our president, chief executive officer and a director, and Dr. Ryuji Ueno, our chief operating officer, chief scientific officer and a director, will together beneficially own 683,665 shares of class A common stock and 3,081,300 shares of class B common stock, representing     % of the combined voting power of our outstanding common stock. As a result, Drs. Kuno and Ueno acting by themselves will be able to control the outcome of all matters that our stockholders vote upon, including the election of directors, amendments to our certificate of incorporation, and mergers or other business combinations. The concentration of ownership and voting power also may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control of our company and could prevent stockholders from receiving a premium over the market price if a change in control is proposed.

 

Provisions in our corporate charter documents and under Delaware law may prevent or frustrate attempts by our stockholders to change our management and hinder efforts to acquire a controlling interest in us, and the market price of our class A common stock may be lower as a result.

 

There are provisions in our certificate of incorporation and by-laws that may make it difficult for a third party to acquire, or attempt to acquire, control of our company, even if a change in control was considered favorable by you and other stockholders. For example, our board of directors has the authority to issue up to 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock. The board of directors can fix the price, rights, preferences, privileges, and restrictions of the preferred stock without any further vote or action by our stockholders. The issuance of shares of preferred stock may delay or prevent a change in control transaction. As a result, the market price of our class A common stock and the voting and other rights of our stockholders may be adversely affected. An issuance of shares of preferred stock may result in the loss of voting control to other stockholders.

 

Our charter documents contain other provisions that could have an anti-takeover effect, including:

 

 

In addition, we are subject to the anti-takeover provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which regulates corporate acquisitions. These provisions could discourage potential acquisition proposals and could delay or prevent a change in control transaction. They could also have the effect of discouraging others from making tender offers for our class A common stock. These provisions may also prevent changes in our management.

 

If you purchase shares of class A common stock in this offering, you will suffer immediate dilution of your investment.

 

We expect the initial public offering price of our class A common stock to be substantially higher than the net tangible book value per share of our class A common stock. Therefore, if you purchase shares of our class A common stock in this offering, you will pay a price per share that substantially exceeds our pro forma

net tangible book value per share after this offering. To the extent outstanding options or warrants are exercised, you will incur further dilution. Based on an assumed initial public offering price of $      per share, the midpoint of the range set forth on the cover of this prospectus, you will experience immediate dilution of $      per share, representing the difference between our pro forma net tangible book value per share after giving effect to this offering and the initial public offering price. In addition, purchasers of class A common stock in this offering will have contributed approximately     % of the aggregate price paid by all purchasers of our common stock but will own only approximately     % of our common stock outstanding after this offering.

 

In addition, as of May 31, 2006, we had outstanding stock options to purchase an aggregate of 253,600 shares of class A common stock at a weighted average exercise price of $41.88 per share. To the extent these outstanding options are exercised, there will be further dilution to investors in this offering.

 

An active trading market for our class A common stock may not develop.

 

Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our common stock. The initial public offering price for our class A common stock will be determined through negotiations with the underwriters and may bear no relationship to the price at which the class A common stock will trade upon completion of this offering. Although we have applied to have our class A common stock quoted on The NASDAQ National Market, an active trading market for our shares may never develop or be sustained following this offering. If an active market for our class A common stock does not develop, it may be difficult to sell shares you purchase in this offering without depressing the market price for the shares or to sell your shares at all.

 

Because our stock price may be volatile, purchasers of our class A common stock could incur substantial losses.

 

Our stock price is likely to be volatile. The stock market in general and the market for pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies in particular have experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. As a result of this volatility, investors may not be able to sell their class A common stock at or above the initial public offering price. The market price for our class A common stock may be influenced by many factors, including:

 

 

We have broad discretion in the use of the net proceeds from this offering and may not use them effectively.

 

Our management will have broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds from this offering and could spend the proceeds in ways that do not improve our results of operations or enhance the value of our

class A common stock. The failure by our management to apply these funds effectively could result in financial losses, cause the price of our class A common stock to decline and delay the development of our product candidates. Pending their use, we may invest the net proceeds from this offering in a manner that does not produce income or that loses value.

 

We have never paid cash dividends on our capital stock, and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

 

We have paid no cash dividends on our capital stock to date. We currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, to fund the development and growth of our business. In addition, the terms of any existing or future debt agreements may preclude us from paying dividends. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our class A common stock will be your sole source of gain for the foreseeable future.

 

A significant portion of our total outstanding shares are eligible to be sold into the market in the near future. This could cause the market price of our class A common stock to drop significantly, even if our business is doing well.

 

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our class A common stock in the public market could occur at any time. If our stockholders sell, or the market perceives that our stockholders intend to sell, substantial amounts of our class A common stock in the public market following this offering, the market price of our class A common stock could decline significantly. Upon completion of this offering, we will have outstanding           shares of common stock, assuming no exercise of outstanding options. Of these shares, the           shares sold in this offering will be freely tradable,           additional shares of common stock will be available for sale in the public market 90 days after the date of this prospectus, and           additional shares of common stock will be available for sale in the public market 180 days after the date of this prospectus following the expiration of lock-up agreements between our stockholders and the underwriters. The representatives of the underwriters may release these stockholders from their 180-day lock-up agreements with the underwriters at any time and without notice, which would allow for earlier sales of shares in the public market. Moreover, after this offering, holders of an aggregate of 794,307 shares of our common stock will have rights, subject to some conditions, to require us to file registration statements covering their shares or to include their shares in registration statements that we may file for ourselves or other stockholders. We also intend to register the           shares of class A common stock that we may issue in the future under our equity compensation plans. Once we register these shares, they can be freely sold in the public market upon issuance, subject to the 180-day lock-up agreements with our underwriters.

 

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. All statements, other than statements of historical facts, included in this prospectus regarding our strategy, future operations, future financial position, future revenues, projected costs, prospects, plans and objectives of management are forward-looking statements. The words “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “predict,” “project,” “will,” “would” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. These forward-looking statements include, among other things, statements about:

 

 

We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements, and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Actual results or events could differ materially from the plans, intentions and expectations disclosed in the forward-looking statements we make. We have included important factors in the cautionary statements included in this prospectus, particularly in the “Risk Factors” section, that we believe could cause actual results or events to differ materially from the forward-looking statements that we make. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures or investments we may make.

 

You should read this prospectus and the documents that we reference in this prospectus and have filed as exhibits to the registration statement, of which this prospectus is a part, completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We do not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements.

 

We estimate that the net proceeds from this offering will be approximately $      million, or approximately $      million if the underwriters exercise their over-allotment option in full, assuming an initial public offering price of $      per share, which is the midpoint of the price range listed on the cover page of this prospectus, after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses payable by us. A $1.00 increase or decrease in the assumed initial public offering price of $      per share would increase or decrease the net proceeds to us from this offering by $      million, assuming that the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same.

 

We expect to use the net proceeds from this offering as follows:

 

 

This expected use of proceeds from this offering represents our intentions based upon our current plans and business conditions. The amounts and timing of our actual expenditures may vary significantly depending upon numerous factors, including the progress of our development and commercialization efforts, the progress of our clinical trials and our operating costs and capital expenditures. As a result, we will retain broad discretion in the allocation of the net proceeds from this offering. We have no current understandings, commitments or agreements to acquire or in-license any technologies, products or businesses.

 

Pending use of the proceeds from this offering, we intend to invest the proceeds in short-term, investment-grade, interest-bearing instruments.

 

We have never paid or declared any cash dividends on our common stock. We currently intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings to fund the growth and development of our business, and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

 

The following table sets forth our cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments and capitalization as of March 31, 2006:

 

 

 

 

You should read this table together with our combined financial statements and the related notes appearing elsewhere in this prospectus and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

 

 

A $1.00 increase or decrease in the assumed initial public offering price of $      per share of class A common stock would increase or decrease cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments by $      million, and increase or decrease additional paid-in capital, total stockholders’ equity and total capitalization by a total of $      million, assuming that the number of shares of class A common stock offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same. The information discussed in this paragraph is illustrative only and following the completion of this offering will be adjusted based on the actual initial public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing.

 

The number of shares in the table above excludes:

 

 

If you invest in our class A common stock, your interest will be diluted immediately to the extent of the difference between the public offering price per share of our class A common stock and the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share of our common stock after this offering.

 

Our pro forma net tangible book value as of March 31, 2006 was approximately $29.6 million, or approximately $6.59 per share of common stock. Pro forma net tangible book value per share represents the amount of our total tangible assets less total liabilities, after giving effect to our receipt of $4.5 million of net proceeds from our private placement sale of class A common stock in April 2006, divided by the number of shares of class A and class B common stock outstanding after giving effect to our issuance of 52,795 shares of class A common stock in our private placement financing in April 2006, the issuance of 211,765 shares of our class A common stock in exchange for all of the shares of Sucampo Europe and Sucampo Japan and the related elimination of their equity and the automatic conversion of all outstanding shares of our convertible preferred stock into an aggregate of 378,000 shares of class A common stock upon the closing of this offering.

 

After giving effect to the issuance and sale of the           shares of class A common stock in this offering, at an assumed initial public offering price of $      per share, less the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses payable by us, our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value as of March 31, 2006 would have been $     , or $      per share of class A and class B common stock. This represents an immediate increase in net tangible book value per share of $      to existing stockholders and immediate dilution of $      per share to new investors. Dilution per share to new investors is determined by subtracting pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share after this offering from the initial public offering price per share paid by a new investor. The following table illustrates the per share dilution without giving effect to the over-allotment option granted to the underwriters:

 

 

A $1.00 increase or decrease in the assumed initial public offering price of $      per share of class A common stock would increase or decrease the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share after this offering by $      per share and the dilution per share to new investors in this offering by $      per share, assuming that the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same.

 

If the underwriters exercise their over-allotment option in full, our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value will increase to $      per share, representing an immediate increase to existing stockholders of $      per share and an immediate dilution of $      per share to new investors. If any shares are issued in connection with outstanding options, you will experience further dilution.

The following table summarizes as of March 31, 2006, on the pro forma basis described above, the number of shares of common stock purchased from us, the total consideration paid and the average price per share paid by the existing stockholders and by new investors in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price of $      per share, which is the midpoint of the price range listed on the cover page of this prospectus, before deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and other expenses of this offering.

 

 

A $1.00 increase or decrease in the assumed initial public offering price of $      per share of class A common stock would increase or decrease the total consideration paid by new investors by $      million, and increase or decrease the percent of total consideration paid by new investors by           percentage points, assuming that the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same.

 

The table above is based on shares outstanding as of March 31, 2006 and excludes:

 

 

If the underwriters’ over-allotment option is exercised in full, the following will occur:

 

 

You should read the following selected combined financial data in conjunction with our combined financial statements and the related notes appearing at the end of this prospectus and the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” section of this prospectus. Prior to the closing of this offering, we will acquire all of the capital stock of Sucampo Europe and Sucampo Japan. Accordingly, in this prospectus we have presented financial statements that reflect our financial position, results of operations and cash flows on a combined basis with these two operating companies. We have derived the following combined financial data as of December 31, 2004 and 2005 and for the three years ended December 31, 2005 from combined financial statements audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm. Combined balance sheets as of December 31, 2004 and 2005 and the related combined statements of operations, of changes in stockholders’ (deficit) equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2005 and notes thereto appear elsewhere in this prospectus. We have derived the following combined financial data as of December 31, 2002 and 2003 and for the year ended December 31, 2002 from unaudited combined financial statements, which are not included in this prospectus. We have derived the following financial data as of December 31, 2001 and for the year then ended from audited financial statements, which are not included in this prospectus. We have derived the following combined financial data as of March 31, 2006 and for the three months ended March 31, 2006 and 2005 from unaudited combined financial statements, which appear elsewhere in this prospectus, which we have prepared on the same basis as the audited combined financials statements and which, in the opinion of our management, include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair statement of the results for the unaudited interim periods. Interim financial results are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the full year or for any future reporting period.

 

 

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our combined financial statements and the related notes and other financial information appearing at the end of this prospectus. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this prospectus, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business and related financing, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. You should review the “Risk Factors” section of this prospectus for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis. Information for the three months ended March 31, 2005 and 2006 is derived from our unaudited financial statements.

 

Overview

 

We are an emerging pharmaceutical company focused on the discovery, development and commercialization of proprietary drugs based on prostones, a class of compounds derived from functional fatty acids that occur naturally in the human body. We are focused on developing prostones with novel mechanisms of action for the treatment of gastrointestinal, respiratory, vascular and central nervous system diseases and disorders for which there are unmet or underserved medical needs and significant commercial potential.

 

In January 2006, we received marketing approval from the FDA for our first product, AMITIZA, for the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation in adults. AMITIZA is the only prescription product for the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation that has been approved by the FDA for use by adults of all ages, including those over 65 years of age, and that has demonstrated effectiveness for use beyond 12 weeks.

 

We are party to a collaboration and license agreement with Takeda to jointly develop and commercialize AMITIZA for chronic idiopathic constipation, irritable bowel syndrome with constipation, opioid-induced bowel dysfunction and other gastrointestinal indications in the United States and Canada. We have the right to co-promote AMITIZA along with Takeda in these markets. We and Takeda initiated commercial sales of AMITIZA in the United States for the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation in adults in April 2006. Takeda is marketing AMITIZA broadly to office-based specialty physicians and primary care physicians. We are complementing Takeda’s marketing efforts by promoting AMITIZA through a specialty sales force in the institutional marketplace.

 

Because we have only recently initiated commercial sales of AMITIZA for the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation in adults, we had not generated any product revenues as of March 31, 2006. Since inception we have incurred operating losses and, as of March 31, 2006, we had an accumulated combined deficit of $27.0 million. Our combined net losses were $22.0 million in 2003 and $19.7 million in 2004. We recognized combined net income of $6.7 million in 2005 and $11.3 million in the quarter ended March 31, 2006. The historical combined losses resulted principally from costs incurred in our research and development programs and from our general and administrative expenses. We expect to continue to incur significant and increasing expenses for the next several years as we continue to expand our research and development activities, seek regulatory approvals for additional indications for AMITIZA and augment our sales and marketing capabilities. Whether we are able to sustain profitability will depend upon our ability to generate revenues in the future that exceed these expenses. In the near term, our ability to generate product revenues will depend primarily on the successful commercialization and continued development of additional indications for AMITIZA.

 

We hold an exclusive worldwide royalty-bearing license from Sucampo AG to develop and commercialize AMITIZA and all other prostone compounds covered by patents and patent applications held by Sucampo AG. We are obligated to assign to Sucampo AG all patentable improvements that we make in the field of prostones, which Sucampo AG will in turn license back to us on an exclusive basis. If we have not committed specified development efforts to any prostone compound other than AMITIZA, SPI-8811 and SPI-017 by the end of a specified period, which ends on the later of September 30, 2011 or three months after the date upon which Drs. Kuno and Ueno no longer control our company, then the commercial rights to that compound will revert

to Sucampo AG, subject to a one-year extension in the case of any compound that we designate in good faith as planned for development within that year.

 

Prior to the closing of this offering, we will acquire all of the capital stock of two affiliated European and Asian operating companies, Sucampo Europe and Sucampo Japan, that are under common control with us. At that same time, Sucampo Europe and Sucampo Japan will become wholly owned subsidiaries of our company. Accordingly, in this prospectus we have presented financial statements that reflect our financial position, results of operations and cash flows on a combined basis with these two operating companies, and this management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations discusses such combined financial statements.

 

Our Clinical Development Programs

 

We are developing AMITIZA and our other prostone compounds for the treatment of a broad range of diseases. The most advanced of these programs are:

 

 

Financial Terms of our Collaboration with Takeda

 

We entered into our collaboration agreement with Takeda in October 2004 following completion of our Phase III clinical trials for chronic idiopathic constipation. Under the terms of the agreement, we have received a variety of payments and will have the opportunity to receive additional payments in the future.

 

Upon signing the agreement with Takeda, we received a nonrefundable up-front payment of $20.0 million, which we deferred and which is being recognized as contract revenue ratably over the 16-year life of the agreement.

 

 

We have also received the following nonrefundable payments from Takeda reflecting our achievement of specific product development milestones:

 

 

We recognized these payments as milestone revenue in full upon our achievement of the applicable milestone.

 

In addition, our collaboration agreement requires that Takeda pay us up to an additional aggregate of $90.0 million conditioned upon our achievement of future regulatory milestones relating to AMITIZA. We would recognize these payments as milestone revenue in full upon our achievement of the applicable milestone.

 

 

Our collaboration agreement with Takeda provides for the sharing between Takeda and us of the costs of our research and development activities for AMITIZA in the United States and Canada as follows:

 

 

 

 

In connection with our exercise of our co-promotion rights under the collaboration agreement, Takeda agreed to reimburse us for a portion of our expenses related to our specialty sales force. We estimate that these reimbursements will cover approximately 80% of the costs for our current sales force of 38 contract sales representatives provided under our contract with Ventiv, an independent contract sales organization. Through March 31, 2006, we had not received any reimbursement for these expenses because our sales representatives did not commence their activities until April 2006.

 

 

Takeda is obligated to pay us a varying royalty based on a percentage of the net sales revenue from the sale of AMITIZA in the United States and Canada. The actual percentage will depend on the level of net sales revenue during each calendar year. All sales of AMITIZA in the United States and Canada, including those arranged by our specialty sales force, will be made through Takeda. Through March 31, 2006, we had not received any royalties from Takeda because commercial sales did not commence until April 2006.

 

 

Our collaboration agreement also requires Takeda to pay us up to an additional aggregate of $50.0 million conditioned upon the achievement of specified targets for annual net sales revenue from AMITIZA in the United States and Canada.

 

 

In November 2004, we received $5.0 million from Takeda as an option payment to continue negotiations for the joint development and commercialization of AMITIZA for gastrointestinal indications in additional territories. In the event that these negotiations failed to produce a definitive agreement by specified dates, the terms of the option required us to repay $2.5 million of the original $5.0 million option payment to Takeda. As to the $2.0 million of the option payment relating to joint development and commercialization in Asia, we recorded $1.0 million as current deferred revenue and $1.0 million as other short-term liabilities in 2004. As to the $3.0 million of the option payment relating to Europe, the Middle East and Africa, we recorded $1.5 million as long term deferred revenue and $1.5 million as other long-term liabilities in 2004. The option

right for Asia expired during 2005, at which time we repaid $1.0 million to Takeda and recognized the remaining $1.0 million as contract revenue. The option right for Europe, the Middle East and Africa expired during the first quarter of 2006, at which time we repaid $1.5 million to Takeda and recognized the remaining $1.5 million as contract revenue.

 

Financial Terms of our License from Sucampo AG

 

Under our license agreement with our affiliate, Sucampo AG, we are required to pay Sucampo AG 5% of every development milestone payment we receive from a sublicensee, such as Takeda. We also are obligated to make the following milestone payments to Sucampo AG:

 

 

In addition, we are required to pay Sucampo AG, on a country-by-country basis, royalty payments of 6.5% of net sales for every product covered by existing patents and, if applicable, thereafter 4.25% of net sales for every product candidate covered by new or improvement patents assigned by us to Sucampo AG. With respect to sales of AMITIZA in North, Central and South America, including the Caribbean, the rates for these royalty payments are set at 3.2% and 2.1% of net sales, respectively. The royalties that we pay to Sucampo AG are based on total product net sales, whether by us or a sublicensee, and not on amounts actually received by us.

 

We paid Sucampo AG $1.0 million, reflecting 5% of the $20.0 million up-front payment that we received from Takeda with respect to AMITIZA in October 2004. This payment was characterized as deferred licensing fees and is being expensed as selling, general and administrative expenses ratably over the life of the contract with Takeda through 2020.

 

We also have paid Sucampo AG $2.5 million, reflecting 5% of the aggregate of $50.0 million of development milestone payments that we received from Takeda through March 31, 2006, and $250,000 upon marketing approval of AMITIZA by the FDA for the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation in adults. These payments were characterized as milestone royalties to related parties and were expensed as incurred.

 

Supply Agreement with R-Tech

 

We entered into an exclusive supply arrangement with our affiliate, R-Tech, in March 2003. In return for the exclusive right to manufacture and supply clinical and commercial supplies of AMITIZA and a second prostone compound that we are no longer developing in North, Central and South America, including the Caribbean, R-Tech agreed to make the following milestone payments to us:

 

 

We evaluated the $6.0 million in cash receipts from R-Tech and determined these payments were made for the exclusive right to supply inventory to us and, accordingly, should be deferred until commercialization of the drugs begins. We also were unable to accurately apportion value between AMITIZA and the other compound based on the information available to us and determined that the full $6.0 million deferred amount should be amortized over the contractual life of the relationship, which we concluded was equivalent to the

commercialization period of AMITIZA and the other compound. Accordingly, the entire $6.0 million is reflected as deferred revenue at March 31, 2006, and we will begin recognizing this revenue during the quarter ending June 30, 2006 ratably over the remaining life of our supply agreement with R-Tech through 2026. This revenue will be characterized as contract revenue from related parties.

 

The supply agreement also requires payment of a specified transfer price in respect of supplies of AMITIZA. Takeda is obligated to make such payment, without reimbursement from us, in respect of commercial supplies of AMITIZA for the territory covered by our collaboration with Takeda.

 

In June 2005, Sucampo Europe entered into an exclusive supply agreement with R-Tech. In return for the exclusive right to manufacture and supply clinical and commercial supplies of AMITIZA in Europe, the Middle East and Africa, R-Tech agreed to pay us $2.0 million in anticipation of entering into this agreement, which we received in March 2005. We determined that this payment should be deferred until commercialization of AMITIZA begins within the specified territory and, accordingly, the entire $2.0 million is reflected as deferred revenue at March 31, 2006.

 

Discontinued Ophthalmic Collaborative Relationship

 

On February 1, 1999, we entered into a five-year collaboration agreement with an unrelated third party, which established a long-term alliance for the development and commercialization of drugs to treat ophthalmic diseases. Under this arrangement, we agreed to conduct preclinical tests, clinical tests and other research and development for designated compounds, all of which were unrelated to prostones. In turn, we received nonrefundable payments totalling $8.0 million. We recognized these payments ratably over the term of the project, which approximated the term of the agreement. We recognized $1.6 million in revenue under this agreement in 2003 and $67,000 in 2004, which we characterized as contract revenue. All revenues related to this agreement were recognized by the first quarter of 2004. We determined not to continue this relationship, and we allowed the collaboration agreement to expire in 2004.

 

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

 

This discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our combined financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The preparation of our combined financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect our reported assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. Actual results may differ significantly from those estimates under different assumptions and conditions.

 

We regard an accounting estimate or assumption underlying our financial statements as a critical accounting estimate if:

 

 

Our significant accounting policies are described in more detail in note 2 of our combined financial statements.

 

 

We have historically generated revenue from two primary sources: (1) research and development arrangements providing for up-front payments and milestone payments and (2) research and development cost-sharing under our joint collaboration and license agreement with Takeda. In addition, we expect to begin receiving royalty payments from Takeda for the joint commercialization of AMITIZA in the second quarter of 2006. We recognize revenue from these sources in accordance with Staff Accounting Bulletin, or SAB, 104, “Revenue Recognition” and Emerging Issues Task Force, or EITF, Issue No. 00-21, “Revenue Arrangements with Multiple Deliverables”.

We recognize up-front licensing fees, which are recorded as contract revenue, as revenue on the straight-line basis over the estimated performance period under the applicable agreement.

 

We follow the substantive milestone method for recognizing contingent payments. If a milestone payment is earned related to our performance, we evaluate whether substantive effort was involved in achieving the milestone. Factors we consider in determining whether a milestone is substantive and therefore can be accounted for separately from an up-front payment include assessing the level of risk and effort in achieving the milestone, the timing of its achievement relative to the up-front payment and whether the amount of the payment was reasonable in relation to our level of effort. If these criteria are met, we recognize the milestone payment when it is earned. If these criteria are not met, we would be required to defer revenue from the milestone payment and recognize it ratably over the contractual life of the agreement.

 

We recognize reimbursement of research and development costs under our agreement with Takeda as revenue using a proportional performance method in accordance with SAB 104. While we provide multiple services under this agreement, there is insufficient evidence of the fair values of each of the individual services. Therefore, we recognize revenue on a straight-line basis over the development activity period, which we have estimated will be completed at the end of 2006. We believe a straight-line basis is representative of the pattern in which performance takes place. The revenue recognized in any period is limited to the lesser of the cumulative straight-line basis amount through that period or the cumulative reimbursable portion of the research and development costs actually incurred through that period.

 

We account for cost-sharing revenue related to development activities under research and development and consulting arrangements with related parties under the proportional performance method. Under this method, cost-sharing payments received in advance of performance are recorded as deferred revenue and recognized as contract revenue to related parties over the applicable performance period. The application of this revenue recognition method is based on the proportional costs incurred against total expected costs relative to the respective cost-sharing arrangement.

 

 

As part of our process of preparing our combined financial statements, we are required to estimate accrued expenses. This process involves reviewing and identifying services which have been performed by third parties on our behalf and determining the value of these services. Examples of these services are payments to clinical investigators, professional fees, such as accountants’ and attorneys’ fees, and payments to contracted service organizations. In addition, we make estimates of costs incurred to date but not yet invoiced to us in relation to external contract research organizations and clinical site costs. We analyze the progress of clinical trials, including levels of patient enrollment, invoices received and contracted costs, when evaluating the adequacy of the accrued liabilities. We must make significant judgments and estimates in determining the accrued balance in any accounting period.

 

In connection with these service fees, our estimates are most affected by our understanding of the status and timing of services provided relative to the actual levels of services incurred by the service providers. The majority of our service providers invoice us monthly in arrears for services performed. In the event we do not identify costs that have begun to be incurred or we under-estimate or over-estimate the level of services performed or the costs of such services, our reported expenses for the relevant period would be too low or too high. We must also sometimes make judgments about the date on which services commence, the level of services performed on or before a given date and the cost of such services. We make these judgments based upon the facts and circumstances known to us in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

 

 

We have elected to follow Accounting Principles Board Opinion, or APB, No. 25, “Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees”, and related interpretations in accounting for our stock-based compensation plans, rather than the alternative fair value accounting method provided for under Statement of Financial Accounting Standards, or SFAS, No. 123, “Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation Accounting Principles Board Opinion” through December 31, 2005. Accordingly, we have not recorded stock-based compensation expense

Combined Results of Operations

 

Comparison of three months ended March 31, 2005 and March 31, 2006

 

 

The following table summarizes our combined revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2005 and 2006:

 

 

Total combined revenues were $25.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2006 compared to $14.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2005, an increase of $11.1 million. This increase was due primarily to an increase of $10.0 million in milestone revenue.

 

Milestone revenues in the three months ended March 31, 2005 reflected our receipt from Takeda of a $10.0 million milestone payment upon the filing of the NDA for AMITIZA to treat chronic idiopathic constipation in adults in March 2005. Milestone revenues in the three months ended March 31, 2006 reflected the $20.0 million milestone payment we received from Takeda in January 2006 for the NDA approval of AMITIZA. We recognized these payments in full as revenues upon their receipt.

 

Revenues from reimbursement of research and development costs represent payments we receive from Takeda in reimbursement of a portion of research and development expenses we incur for AMITIZA. In the three months ended March 31, 2005, we recognized $4.3 million of cost reimbursements from Takeda. During the three months ended March 31, 2006, we recognized $3.9 million of cost reimbursements, reflecting a portion of the cost reimbursement payments we had received from Takeda in 2005. Our recognition of this amount in the first quarter of 2006 reduced our deferred revenue balance relating to Takeda reimbursements to $10.4 million. Depending on the clinical trial results associated with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation, we may need to reevaluate the expected time line for the project to which these reimbursements relate, which could require us to extend the deferral of this revenue.

 

Contract revenue reflects a portion of the $20.0 million up-front payment we received from Takeda upon the execution of our collaboration and license agreement with them in October 2004. We are recognizing this up-front payment as revenue ratably over the 16-year life of the agreement. Contract revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2006 also includes $1.5 million in previously deferred revenue that we recognized upon the expiration of the option granted to Takeda for joint development and commercialization rights for AMITIZA in Europe, Africa and the Middle East. Contract revenue was $1.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2006 compared to $309,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2005, an increase of $1.5 million. This increase was attributable to the $1.5 million we recognized upon the option expiration.

 

Contract revenue from related parties represents reimbursement of costs incurred by us on behalf of affiliated companies for research and development consulting, patent maintenance and certain administrative costs. These revenues are recognized in accordance with the terms of the contract or project to which they relate. Contract revenue from related parties was $30,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2006 compared to $40,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2005, an increase of $10,000.

 

Research and development expenses represent costs incurred in connection with the in-licensing of our compounds, clinical trials, activities associated with regulatory filings and manufacturing efforts. Currently, we outsource our clinical trials to independent contract research organizations in order minimize our overhead. We expense our research and development costs as incurred.

 

Total combined research and development expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2006 were $6.1 million compared to $6.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2005, a decrease of $800,000. The higher costs in the first quarter of 2005 reflect the significant research and development expenses incurred by us during that period in connection with the filing of the NDA for AMITIZA to treat chronic idiopathic constipation in adults and the initiation of Phase III clinical trials of AMITIZA for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with constipation. In the first quarter of 2006, our only research and development expenses were those associated with the ongoing Phase III clinical trials of AMITIZA for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with constipation.

 

We consider the continued development of our product pipeline crucial to our success, and we anticipate that our research and development costs will continue to increase as we advance our research and development activities associated with our product candidates.

 

Following the closing of this offering, approximately three employees of Sucampo AG will become employees of Sucampo Japan, and we will assume the filing and maintenance costs relating to the patent portfolio licensed by us from Sucampo AG. In addition, following this offering, we will be obligated under our license agreement with Sucampo AG to incur at least $1.0 million annually to develop compounds other than AMITIZA, SPI-8811 and SPI-017. We estimate that these costs will increase our research and developments expenses by approximately $1.7 million per year.

 

The successful development of our product candidates is highly uncertain. At this time, we cannot reasonably estimate or know the nature, timing and estimated costs of the efforts that will be necessary to complete the remainder of the development of, or the period, if any, in which material net cash inflows may commence from, any of our product candidates. This is due to the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with developing drugs, including the uncertainty of:

 

 

A change in the outcome of any of these variables with respect to the development of a product candidate could mean a significant change in the costs and timing associated with the development of that product candidate. For example, if the FDA or other regulatory authority were to require us to conduct clinical trials beyond those that we currently anticipate will be required for the completion of clinical development of a product candidate or if we experience significant delays in enrollment in any of our clinical trials, we could be required to expend significant additional financial resources and time on the completion of clinical development.

 

Selling, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of expenses for salaries and related personnel expense, corporate activities and costs associated with sales and marketing activities.

 

The following summarizes our combined selling, general and administrative expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2005 and 2006:

 

 

Combined selling, general and administrative expenses were $3.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2006 compared to $1.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2005, an increase of $2.3 million. This increase was due primarily to expenses in the first quarter of 2006 associated with our sales and marketing function, which did not exist in the first quarter of 2005, increases in operational headcount, rent for additional leased office space and a one-time 5% bonus payment to our employees upon receipt of marketing approval for AMITIZA to treat chronic idiopathic constipation in adults.

 

Combined sales and marketing expenses were $650,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2006. We had no sales and marketing expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2005. We anticipate significant increases in our combined sales and marketing expenses for 2006 related to the following activities:

 

 

 

In the three months ended March 31, 2006, we paid Sucampo AG $1.0 million, reflecting the 5% we owed them in respect of the $20.0 million milestone payment we received from Takeda during that period, and a $250,000 milestone payment for regulatory approval of AMITIZA. In the three months ended March 31, 2005, we paid Sucampo AG $500,000, reflecting the 5% we owed them in respect of the $10.0 million milestone payment we received from Takeda during that period. These payments to Sucampo AG are characterized as milestone royalties to related parties. We expense these payments when the related milestone is achieved.

 

The following table summarizes our combined non-operating income and expense for the three months ended March 31, 2005 and 2006:

 

 

Combined interest income was $306,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2006 compared to $80,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2005, an increase of $226,000. The increase was primarily due to an increase in the funds available for investment as a result of our receipt of milestone payments from Takeda in March 2005, May 2005 and January 2006. Interest expense was $20,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2006 compared to $84,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2005, a decrease of $64,000. This decrease reflected our repayment in full in the first quarter of 2005 of three-year convertible bonds issued in 2004 by Sucampo Japan to S&R Technology Holdings, LLC.

 

 

The income tax provision for the three months ended March 31, 2006 was $3.7 million compared to $558,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2005. The increase of $3.1 million resulted from an increase in income (loss) before income taxes of $9.3 million and an increase in the effective income tax rate. The increase in the effective income tax rate related to changes in the projected income tax expense computed on an annual basis as of March 31, 2005 compared to March 31, 2006. The significant changes in the computation of the effective income tax rate related to net operating losses and general business credits.

 

Comparison of years ended December 31, 2004 and December 31, 2005

 

 

The following table summarizes our combined revenues for the years ended December 31, 2004 and 2005:

 

 

Total combined revenues were $47.0 million in 2005 compared to $2.7 million in 2004, an increase of $44.3 million. This increase was due primarily to our receipt of $30.0 million in milestone revenue in 2005 as well as an increase of $13.2 million in research and development reimbursement.

The milestone revenue in 2005 reflected our receipt from Takeda of a $10.0 million milestone payment upon the filing of the NDA for AMITIZA to treat chronic idiopathic constipation in adults in March 2005 and a $20.0 million milestone payment upon the initiation of our Phase III clinical trial related to AMITIZA for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with constipation in May 2005. We recognized these payments in full as revenues upon their receipt.

 

We received $1.5 million from Takeda as reimbursement of research and development costs in 2004, all of which we recognized in 2004. We received $28.5 million from Takeda in 2005, but only recognized $14.7 million, resulting in deferred revenue of $13.8 million as of December 31, 2005.

 

We recognized contract revenue of $208,000 in 2004 and $1.2 million in 2005 with respect to the up-front payment received from Takeda. The unrecognized deferred revenue related to this up-front payment was $18.6 million as of December 31, 2005. Contract revenue in 2004 also included the $67,000 we recognized with respect to the terminated ophthalmic collaboration agreement. Contract revenue in 2005 included $1.0 million in previously deferred revenue that we recognized during this period upon the expiration of the option granted to Takeda for joint development and commercialization rights for AMITIZA in Asia.

 

We received $411,000 in contract revenue from related parties in 2004, including $324,000 from Sucampo AG for consulting services and $87,000 from R-Tech for manufacturing and research and development consulting services. We received $98,000 of contract revenue from related parties in 2005, reflecting payments from R-Tech for manufacturing and research and development consulting services.

 

In 2004, we also recognized a one-time gain of $497,000 upon the sale to Sucampo AG of patents relating to RESCULA. As a result of declining royalty revenues associated with these patents, we determined that we would be unable to recover the original $954,865 purchase price paid for these patents and sold our rights in them to Sucampo AG.

 

 

Total combined research and development expenses were $29.9 million in 2005 compared to $14.0 million in 2004, an increase of $15.9 million. This increase was due primarily to costs associated with the commencement in May 2005 of two pivotal Phase III clinical trials of AMITIZA for the treatment of irritable bowl syndrome with constipation and a related follow-on safety trial.

 

In 2005, we incurred $2.2 million in research and development expenses for services performed by third party consultants, whom we compensated by granting stock options at the time services were rendered. We determined the value of these options to be $2.2 million, and we recognized the related expense in full in the period of the grant.

 

 

The following summarizes our combined selling, general and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2004 and 2005:

 

 

Combined selling, general and administrative expenses were $8.1 million in 2005 compared to $8.2 million in 2004, a decrease of $110,000. Stock-based compensation was $138,000 in 2005 compared to $68,000

in 2004, an increase of $70,000. This increase was due primarily to a modification in 2005 of the vesting of previously issued stock options and the resulting stock-based compensation expense in 2005.

 

Combined sales and marketing expenses were $200,000 for 2005 compared to zero for 2004. The expenses in 2005 were primarily attributable to the following:

 

 

 

During 2005, we paid Sucampo AG $1.5 million reflecting the 5% we owed them in respect of the $30.0 million of milestone payments we received from Takeda during the year. We made no milestone royalty payments during 2004.

 

 

The following table summarizes our combined non-operating income and expense for the years ended December 31, 2004 and 2005:

 

 

Combined interest income was $1.0 million in 2005 compared to $96,000 in 2004, an increase of $950,000. The increase was primarily due to an increase in the funds available for investment as a result of our receipt of milestone payments from Takeda of $10.0 million in March 2005 and $20.0 million in May 2005. We invested these funds in short-term auction-rate securities. Interest expense was $311,000 in 2005 compared to $174,000 in 2004, an increase of $137,000. The increase in other income was due primarily to foreign currency transaction gains of $248,000 during 2005. This increase was attributable to increased borrowings under notes to related parties.

 

     Income Taxes

 

The income tax provision was $1.8 million for the year December 31, 2005 compared to $0 for the year ended December 31, 2004. The increase of $1.8 million resulted from income we recognized during the year ended December 31, 2005 for tax purposes, against which we were not able to offset tax loss carryforwards. Our U.S. tax loss carryforwards were fully utilized as of December 31, 2005.

Comparison of years ended December 31, 2003 and December 31, 2004

 

     Revenues

 

The following table summarizes our combined revenues for the years ended December 31, 2003 and 2004:

 

 

Total combined revenues were $2.7 million in 2004 compared to $4.1 million in 2003, a decrease of $1.4 million.

 

In 2004, we recognized $1.5 million in cost reimbursements from Takeda. We did not receive any cost reimbursements from Takeda in 2003.

 

Contract revenue in 2004 was $275,000 compared to $1.6 million in 2003, a decrease of $1.4 million. This decrease reflected a reduction in our recognition of the deferred revenue from the up-front payment relating to our discontinued ophthalmic collaboration agreement from $1.6 million in 2003 to $67,000 in 2004, offset in part by the recognition of $208,000 of contract revenue in 2004 relating to the up-front payment from Takeda.

 

Contract revenue from related parties was $411,000 in 2004 compared to $2.5 million in 2003, a decrease of $2.1 million. This decrease was attributable to the termination in August 2003 of a services agreement with R-Tech under which we provided marketing and regulatory support for RESCULA.

 

In 2004, we recognized a one-time gain of $497,000 upon the sale to Sucampo AG of patents relating to RESCULA. We received no similar revenue in 2003.

 

 

Combined research and development expenses were $14.0 million in 2004 compared to $18.4 million in 2003, a decrease of $4.4 million. This decrease was primarily due to the completion in September 2003 of the second of our two pivotal Phase III clinical trials to assess AMITIZA for the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation in adults.

Reportable Geographic Segments

 

We have determined that we have three reportable geographic segments based on our method of internal reporting, which disaggregates business by geographic location. These segments are the United States, Europe and Japan. We evaluate the performance of these segments on the basis of income from operations. The following is a summary of financial information by reportable segment.